Medieval Peace & Prosperity: Glimpses of Keladi & Hoysala Kingdom

The year-end trip was not planned but just happened. The main places we covered are:

Halebid & Belavadi – In Hassan district; The Hoysala Architectural wonders

Shivamogga city around – Koodali & Holehonnoor; Simhadhama and Elephant camp.

Sagara – Keladi, Ikkeri, Varadahalli & Unchalli falls apart from the usual Jog falls where there was no water.

The heritage & history intrigued me as usual & inspired me to write about it.

Keladi Kingdom – Symbol of Peace & Prosperity

Keladi Nayakas ruled this small peaceful kingdom in the Shivamogga & Sagar region for over 250 years during Vijayanagara times from about 1499CE till about 1763CE.

Keladi is about 10kms away from Sagar today and has a well-kept museum & Keladi Rameshwara temple. It was one of the capital. The other 2 capitals from where they ruled are Ikkeri and Bidanur which is not called Nagara near Hosanagara. We visited Ikkeri and Keladi this time.

Keladi houses the large beautiful Rameshwara temple. It is very well kept and maintained by the ASI. The highlight is that of the Rangamantapa of the main temple has very rich Carvings on Raktha Chandana wood = Red Sandalwood. The entire ceiling is covered with exquisite carvings and very strong pillars are made of the same wood. It is one of the costly wood rarely available now. It gives the glimpse of the prosperity of the kingdom and peace it enjoyed.

My crude youtube video is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7SSj0xhTto

The kingdom did not have any upraising or violence during its just rule. About 17 rulers ruled from this dynasty over this kingdom for over 250 years. The main rulers noteworthy for study are:

Chaudappa Nayaka – He founded the kingdom with permission from the Vijayanagar kings around 1499AD. He had full freedom to carry out his administration in his area.

Shivappa Nayaka – He ruled for over 30 years this kingdom. He built Shivamogga as a trade centre. He built very good trading ports and established good relations with Vijayanagara kings and other neighboring states.

Keladi Rani Chennamma – She is very famous in the National History. When Aurangazeb’s army marches Deccan to capture Shivaji’s sons after Shivaji’s death, no king or noble will take courage to give shelter to Rajarama the last son of Shivaji. Because, his elder son Sambhaji by then was already killed by the hounds of the Mughal marauder. In such a scenario, Rani Keladi Chennamma gives shelter & defends her kingdom against the army of the Mughal. She thus protects the Maratha heir to enable his crowning later.

She is not to be confused with the other famous Rani Chennamma of Kittur who fought valiantly against the British in 19^th Cent before the 1857 war of Independence, to defend her kingdom.

Verammaji – She is the last of the dynasty. She becomes the victim of another Islamic plunderer from South, Hyderali. Kirmani the court historian of Tippu gives vivid details about the valour she shows in defending her kingdom. But in the end she is captured and inhumanely dragged by chain to the dungeons of Hyderali & Tipu where she is meted with very sad death. What a humiliating end to a glorious little kingdom!!

This little kingdom thrived @ contemporary times with Vijayanagara Kingdom. Vijayanagara did not attack them nor dethroned them. They honoured their freedom. Sonda Arasaru were its neighbours, Mysore wodeyars were in friendly terms with them, Chitradurga Nayakas had friendly relations with them so much so that after dethroning of Veerammaji, some of the chieftains escaped and found shelter here under the famous Madakari Nayaka.

The museum in Keladi is well maintained. It gives a detailed account of dynasty, its rulers contributions for the areas development, prosperity, administration, justice, trade etc., Keladi Chennamma was also called as “Menasina Raani” the “Queen of Cardamom”. Her kingdom was rich & famous in international trading of Cardamom as she encouraged the people to grow it on all the forest trees & harvest it sustainably!

Lathe Turned Pillars – Architectural Wonder of the Hoysala

Every time I visit a Hoysala temple these lathe turned pillars amaze me (Apart from other innumerable such wonderful details of course)

I made a small youtube video on this:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51J2OkDekLo&t=4s

This wonder called Lathe Turned Pillars from Hoysala Temple Architecture needs a lot more study & research.

-          These have very accurate concentric circles carved on heavy pillars weighing about 25-30 tons.

-          Some temples have easily 60-70 such large well carved pillars

-          These temples are all over Karnataka in 100s of villages. In almost all of these temples, these lathe turned pillars are ubiquitous

-          Bottle shaped variable girth is made in these massive stone pillars.

-          Some of these pillars have amazing shining kept up for all these thousand years. I can see my face reflection in it & can see even shirt color reflecting perfectly fine

A number questions need to be researched.

When I ask around with the temple priests or guides, some vague answers come like – They were godly men with extraordinary powers; They did it all with only chisel and hammer. They never had modern machinery!

But is it possible to produce such machine accuracy by hand? Did they have much advanced technology? Much advanced machinery? Where is the evidence? Are there any archeological evidences of such large machinery? Who is researching it? All researchers & books call it as Lathe turned pillars only. But where is the evidence of lathe of such enormity? How was it running? Was there electric power? Is it possible to produce such accuracy with any slow turning lathe? It has to be fast turning to get such finesse.

These lathe turned pillars are very unique of only Hoysala time temples. You don’t find it before or after. For example, in the later Vijayanagara temples you don’t find lathe turned pillars but you find large rectangular pillars. In earlier Chalukyan period you find, cave carvings & heavy cuttings but not lathe turned. So does it mean, this technology existed only during 10^th to 13^th cent? That too only in Karnataka region? And it died after the kingdom collapsed with Mallik Kafur’s pillage of the Hoysala temples?

You find it in so many villages spread across thousands of kilometers. How is it so ubiquitous? Was this lathe technology so common and easily accessible to the villagers spread so far and wide? Was this technology so less expensive yet to so accurate?

There are a lot of informal groups on facebook, twitter who are great fans of Hoysala architecture. Such a large human potential is not organized. Hardly anybody to fund formal research, record, present and develop on it. Universities are mired in caste politics and no hopes to get anything from them.

The Hoysala dynasty ruled most part of Karnataka & boarders of Andhra, Tamilnadu during 10^th to 13^th Century. They took over the reins from Kalyana Chalukyas. They ruled a very large portion of Deccan very peacefully for nearly 3 decades. The sheer number of temples and fine art on stone they have produced itself is a testimony to the peace & prosperity the kingdom had. The priority they gave for art & craft is the main reason for this peace & prosperity.

Science & Sociology of Peace & Prosperity

The British and the modern day historians say our Indian science was primitive or non-existent. Why do they say like that? Why research is curtailed in these areas?

The British and Modern day historians say, that medieval times were mired in petty wars between petty kingdoms in India! Are they applying Europe & Arabia directly to India without studying? Why is this theory not questioned? Is it time to question it & delve into it unbiased?

They claim, kingdoms were small, unsustainable and poor. How then was international trade happening & no upraising by the common man? Are they brain washing us by saying expansionist, imperialist regimes are rich? Are they making us believe Big is beautiful & Small is ugly?

They say kings were self-indulgent & rich keeping the kingdom poor. Again are they applying Islamic tradition & European king culture to Indian context without studying them in-depth. No evidence of literature or sculpture of drought, famine, poor people dying of hunger & thirst. The sculpture depicts dance, musical forms, elephants, horses, Puranic stories, Ramayana etc.,    

The modern education borrowed from British want to still produce Guilty Indians & hence the narration is such. In today’s text books kids are made to mug up the entire Mughal lineage, Tipu as Tiger etc., but there is hardly a half page mention on Hoysalas in our CBSE text books. Why? Who are the nation builders & who are its destructors? Why pillagers and marauders are depicted as BENEVOLENT rulers?

The British even today claim they were benevolent rulers across the world giving science & technology, sociology to each of the countries they ruled!! They have brain washed us enough.

It is time to introspect and find our roots ourselves with our own lenses. Please visit these places & question & find answers yourselves. They are just around you within 100-500kms radius. Lets join hands to rebuild our grand narration. India deserves it.

To hell with the GDP; People care must be top priority in Governance

Some years back I had read an article in India Today magazine by Vedantha CEO, Anil Agarwal, arguing for mining bauxite in Niyamagiri hills in Orissa. Now it is quashed by determined fight by the tribals of the hills & empowered village panchayats there.

His argument was simple. Give me these hills for mining & I’ll give in return education for the tribal children and drinking water!! Education to those who know how to live in harmony with nature & nurture it for generations? Drinking water to those who have natural mineral water access all through the year? The most appealing thing for India, that he makes is that it generates GDP! And everyone is swayed by the GDP growth of the country. International rating agencies, monetary agencies like IMF, Worldbank push for GDP growth. They give favourable rating in return & encourage MNC s to invest in such a country where the GDP grows. The stock market gets bullish. Speculators reap a lot of money in the market. But will that all remove poverty? Or will it help rich become richer?

So what is this GDP? GDP is Gross Domestic Product & is an index to indicate the richness of the country. It indicates, how much commodity the nation produces in totality.

How it helps the nation? It helps the nation to advertise itself in international market. It helps to sell its national properties. Viz., Minerals, Agricultural produce, Animals, Meat, Labour, etc.,

How it helps people of the nation? It doesn’t help people of the nation. If the nation is rich by the index it doesn’t mean people are rich. It makes few people become over rich at the cost of larger population becoming poorer. Then the Government declares it will distribute the food, water, shelter. Several schemes will be launched to distribute the basic necessities through a very complex networks of government departments & private partnerships to reach thousands of villages and thousands of families. There will be heavy pilferage and it never reaches the intended. The scheme fail, one party loses election; another party comes to power and repeats all over again in another similar popular scheme. 

Government should not be providing food, water & shelter. Instead, it should let people organize to sustainably utilize resources around to provide themselves food, water & shelter. And government should provide security & protection to the people to utilize their resources.

Ronald Raegan, the former US president, very famously said “Government’s first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives”

But then he didn’t follow what he preached. So are the politicians all across the world TODAY.

Government should protect the people NOT run their lives

This concept of Government running the lives of the people came about during the British regime. Before that the Government (The Raja) was only protecting their lives & not running their lives.

Lets look at a simple example.

My mother says, her grandmother used to say some villages nearby used to be rich in gold in their earth. In fact, the village itself was called Honnammana Halla meaning – Mother Gold Goddess’s den. Even now these names exits like – Honnavalli, Honnammana kere, Bangarpet etc., These are around western Karnataka bordering Andhra along Ballari, Raichur, Chitradurga, Kolara, Tumkuru districts. During pre-british era the villagers in these Gold rich villages used to process the ore available in the soil to filter the gold. The local raja or palegara used to protect their rights to extract and process the gold from the earth. The villagers used to make guilds and set up their own rules and regulations about the usage & extraction of the earth. 

So everyone had the access rights to the resources. They had rules to extract it sustainably and not harm the very nature which gives them this economic independence. It was a cottage industry. Family business in which everyone from the young ones to the old were involved. Not heavy machines, no rapid extraction & processing involved. But large number of families spread across locations thinly & hard working throughout the year. This ensured no over extraction, no over consumption, no water guzzling, no river pollution etc.,

They had full rights to trade with whom they want. Some of the best ornaments, were purchased by the royals. If there is any exploitation by a king of their labour, then there used to be revolt to replace him with a more just ruler.

Then the British came. By their cunning pacts, barbaric wars, they captured entire India and stripped all the royals of any standing army, power & rights over their resources. They dismantled the village guilds, self-governing panchayats etc., They separated Private and Public properties. What is not private is public. All that is public belonged to the government. So the land, forest, hills, rivers, lakes belonged to the Government now. And the locals don’t have a say in it.

The British now looked at maximum output with minimum input. So they auctioned these rich resources to private individuals, companies. They came with heavy machinery to extract max with minimum labour.

The natives protested.

Native: We can extract and sell it to you

British: We need it fast

Native: We can do it with hard work

British: We want to rubble this entire hill range & forest range

Native: You cannot do that. That’s our habitat

British: We shift you and give you water & shelter elsewhere

Native: We lived here for several generations. Our king always protected our rights here

British: Your king is gone. Now we are the king. You take what we give & work here as a daily wager

Thus came the concept of stripping the locals of their rights over their land, water, resources and in return run their lives.

So the Government runs the people’s lives snatching their habitat and livelihood. It is wrong.

Now the present situation continues. The dismantled village self-governance is never recouped. Some central or state Government owns all that is public. So it auctions it to rich or bold individuals, companies. They extract maximum with minimum input. The locals get displaced or have to suffer indignation.

When the locals revolt, the government says, it will provide them food, water & shelter. But no access rights to the forests, rivers around them. They don’t have to do anything. It is called the "Jobless growth". Large populist schemes are launched and given an eye wash to the people.

So the people have lost the art, science & social unity to access, utilize the resources around them. They have become complacent and dependent for basic needs on the Government. Government has to give them job, skill training to work in factories which are also closing down fast as it extracts unsustainably everything.

The Government is generating big GDP. But people are poor & clueless.

The Government says with its power of GDP, it distributes food through food bill passed recently to cover about 60% of India’s population. Lakes are dried up. Rivers are polluted. But Government says it will pump drinking water through pipes over 100s of kilometers to each village! How unsustainable!! Recently they have started the Yettinahole river water lifting project to provide drinking water to the entire Chikkaballapur & Kolar districts. Instead they should encourage the villagers to organize & sustain their own lakes, rivers & streams. It should discourage large nationwide PDS (Public Distribution System) to distribute food grains. Instead it should encourage full freedom to villages to grow and consume locally the basic necessities of food, water & shelter.

In short Government should protect the people’s lives, rights to produce & consume locally. It is the right thing.

Then people in turn will give back the best in organized manner back to the country to build it as a strong nation.  

Medieval and Ancient India had world’s highest GDP

Many of us believe the medieval times of India was mired in poverty, casteism, discrimination, extortion by the Rajas & local Palegars, upper caste brutalizing lower caste, numerous kingdoms always at war with each other etc., While these problems here & there existed, it was not the main feature.

By and large India widely had very high level of organized localized governing at village level. High level of freedom, access rights to their local resources was there. Protection by the Rajas to the local bodies was guaranteed. All castes were organized by their profession. Full freedom of profession they had along with full access to the resources & market. By and large, they performed their profession under no slavery, bonded labour. We don’t evidence any slave trade or indentured labour or any such inhuman things in pre-Isalmic, pre-British India.

Why then our school texts say otherwise? That is because the British weaved this narrow narrative of India thoroughly to demean India, develop a sense of prejudice against the Indian customs among the educated Indians. Even today, our educators are still in that colonial mindset. There is a need to question it and rationally look at the details.

Angus Madison the economist commissioned by the OECD produced a magnum opus research on how the nations, civilizations have progressed in terms of today’s economic index GDP. This is widely accepted by all nations as a thorough reference to economics of the past 2 millenials.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_world_product

The graph he produced shows, India was the leader of the world for most part of the 2 millenia, from 1AD till almost 1500AD. Then the decline starts as we lose independence to foreign invaders. So what we have lost in the last 500 years has to be recovered. We ought to do that. We are capable of it. Our strong civilizational roots enable it. It will take time. May be a century more. But each of us have to do our bit towards it.

How was India the leading economic power of the world until 1500AD?

The answer is simple. The nation was free. The nation had organized itself organically from the ground up. From Family to Village to District to Kingdom to the entire Nation. Each unit was self-sustained, independent yet connected & interdependent. There is a necessity to thoroughly study without any prejudice, the sociology, at each level and how well it was organized.

In the example of gold mining above, you can replace those villages with any other resources like – Horticultural products, Forestry products, Any other ore mining, Agricultural produce, Art produce, Silk produce etc., The story remains the same. In the ancient times, the local people organized themselves to produce it all by themselves using local resources. The local authority gave them full protection to their freedom to utilize the resources, produce, market etc.,

So the first priority for the local people was to produce their basic needs of Food, Water & Shelter. Any other exotic stuff they possessed in their region, they processed it and traded the finished products across the world. If a family produces rice for self-consumption, there is no way to include it in GDP. What gets traded out only gets counted in GDP. That means, people in India took care of their basic needs first and then produced things to top the world chart!!

The ancient world trade was dominated by India by both finished products & some of the exotic raw materials. The spices, gems, pearls, etc., were the most exotic raw materials traded. In the finished products, special clothing, jewelry, art, sculpture, artisans, architects went all over the world. Even the philosophy, science, mathematics, travelled across the world through trade routes.

This shows that free India at grass root level had organized itself even at Nation level. This is the reason the invaders recognized this Nation as Hindustan, India etc., - The nation after the Sindhu river. It was not the invaders who united India and built this nation as our text books say. It was an organized nation by its fundamental philosophical, sociological characteristics who ruled the world psychologically.

Now that we are a young nation of 70 years of Independence from foreign rule, the freedom of ruling at village level is yet to be realized. But for that, the grand past has to be rewritten first, then the reason behind the grand past & then how it was made possible. There is an immense need to build self-confidence of the nation by educating them rightly. The current education system, produces Guilty-Indians not Proud-Indians. A self-confident nation with harmonious social set up at grass root level can become the world economic leader again and show the world that highest GDP can be produced if Governance stick to people care & independence as its first priority.